CT2-1SWL

Broadcast Station: Voice of Croatia
Country: Croácia
Frequency: 7.285 Khz
UTC: 2330-2355 - 08.11.07
SINPO: 43224
Radio Programm: Emissão em espanhol, "Croacia hoy"

SINPO CODE EXPLAINED

S (Signal strength)
Simply the strength of the transmission.
I (Interference)
Interference from other stations.
N (Noise)
The amount of noise.
P (Propagation)
Whether the signal is steady or fades from time to time.
O (Overall merit)
An overall score for the listening experience under these conditions.

SINPO is a code used to describe the quality of radio transmissions, especially in reception reports written by shortwave listeners. Each letter of the code stands for a specific factor of the signal, and each item is graded on a 1 to 5 scale (where 1 stands for very bad and 5 for very good).

RADIO PROPAGATION

Radio propagation is a term used to explain how radio waves behave when they are transmitted, or are propagated from one point on the Earth to another.

In free space, all electromagnetic waves (radio, light, X-rays, etc) obey the inverse-square law which states that the power density of an electromagnetic wave is proportional to the inverse of the square of "r" (where "r" is the distance [radius] from the source) or:

$\rho_P \propto \frac{1}{r^2}$

Doubling the distance from a transmitter means that the power density of the radiated wave at that new location is reduced to one-quarter of its previous value.

The far-field magnitudes of the electric and magnetic field components of electromagnetic radiation are equal, and their field strengths are inversely proportional to distance. The power density per surface unit is proportional to the product of the two field strengths, which are expressed in linear units. Thus, doubling the propagation path distance from the transmitter reduces their received field strengths by one-half.

Electromagnetic wave propagation is also affected by several other factors determined by its path from point to point. This path can be a direct line of sight path or an over-the-horizon path aided by refraction in the ionosphere.

Lower frequencies (between 30 and 3,000 kHz) have the property of following the curvature of the earth via groundwave propagation in the majority of occurrences. The interaction of radio waves with the ionized regions of the atmosphere makes radio propagation more complex to predict and analyze than in free space. Ionospheric radio propagation has a strong connection to space weather.

BEST TIME TO RECEIVE SHORTWAVE BROADCASTS

WAVELENGTH

In physics, wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a propagating wave of a given frequency. It is commonly designated by the Greek letter lambda (λ). Examples of wave-like phenonomena are light, water waves, and sound waves

In a wave, a property varies with the position. For example, this property can be the air pressure for a sound wave, or the magnitude of the electric or the magnetic field for light. The wavelengths of frequencies audible to the human ear (20 Hz–20 kHz) are between approximately 17 m and 17 mm, respectively. Visible light ranges from deep red, roughly 700 nm to violet, roughly 400 nm (430–750 THz).

QSL CARD

A QSL card is a written confirmation of either a two-way radiocommunication between two amateur radio stations or a one-way reception of a signal from an AM radio, FM radio, or television station. QSL cards can also confirm the reception of a two-way radiocommunication by a third party. A typical QSL card is the same size and made from the same material as a typical postcard, and many are sent through the mail as a standard postcard.

QSL cards derived their name from the Q code "QSL", which means "I acknowledge receipt." Most are collected by amateur radio operators, shortwave listeners, TV-FM DXers, and other radio hobbyists.
Shortwave listeners also collect QSL cards. Sometimes referred to as SWL cards, they can confirm reception of two-way amateur radio communications or commercial radio operators using HF frequencies. A more common form of QSL card for shortwave listeners to collect verifies the reception of signals from international broadcasting or utility stations.

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SINPO CODE EXPLAINED

FREQUENCIES USED IN SHORTWAVE BROADCAST

PROPAGATION CHART

RADIO PROPAGATION

BEST TIME TO RECEIVE SHORTWAVE BROADCASTS

RADIO TRANSMISSION DIAGRAM

WAVELENGTH

SWARL CALLSIGN

QSL CARD

QSL CARD

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